Leapfrogging Technology

Trans-African Hydro-Meteorological Observatory Aims to Install 20,000 Weather Stations in Africa
 

By John Selker

Africa is ready for a next-generation of weather and climate information solutions. The goal of the Trans-African Hydro-Meteorological Observatory (TAHMO) is to install 20,000 on-the-ground sensing stations across the African continent, providing high-tech automated weather stations that will produce rainfall, temperature, and other critical data with robust redundant sensors and real-time cell-phone uplink. TAHMO plans to make high-quality data freely available to governments, scientists and farmers in real time via the Internet from stations installed at 30 km spacing.

It’s no easy task, but all the right elements are falling into place to make this once lofty dream a reality. By leveraging a large mobile telecommunications platform, crowd-sourced technology that is both durable and cost-effective, and a network of rural schools, TAHMO is already making solid strides in achieving its goal.

TAHMO is currently piloting projects in Chad, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ghana, Kenya, Nigeria, Senegal, South Africa and Uganda, with stations also being prepared for installation in Malawi, Rwanda and Togo. Most notably TAHMO was selected to move into the second stage of funding for the Global Resilience Partnership Challenge, and is working with Earth Networks, Human Network International, Climate Change Adaptation Innovation, and African Centres for Lightning and Electromagnetics to create an Early Warning System around Lake Victoria, where an estimated 5,000 people die each year due to erratic weather.

In July TAHMO installed 6 automatic weather stations in southern Uganda with the support of the Ugandan National Meteorological Authority. These stations measure over a dozen weather parameters, and are self-powered by match-book-sized solar cells, and communicating via a built-in cell phone modem. In the next phase over 100 stations will provide a dense observation network.

School-2-School
Stations will be located primarily at schools and universities, with TAHMO providing science curriculum materials and connections between schools and others in the network. Hosted by science teachers who will receive stipends for their caretaking of stations, the data collected by stations will also provide a foundation for scientific education.

In March 2015, TAHMO installed a weather station at a high school near the coast of Lake Victoria as part of their School-2-School Programme. The students here will be comparing data with a sister school in Idaho, USA. This not only supports accurate, real-time weather data-gathering, but also helps build a next generation of scientists, and raise awareness of climate change and environmental stewardship.

Crowd Sourcing Innovation
Under the auspices of Delft University of Technology – a public-private consortium, comprising 14 universities and several small and large businesses –TAHMO is looking toward crowd-sourced solutions to provide low-cost hydrological and meteorological sensors.

For the past two years, the organization has hosted a Senior Design Competition to gather top thinkers to create low-cost, durable and highly advanced next-generation solutions. According to The Guardian, “TAHMO offers the prospect of cost-effective hydro-meteorological measuring stations that are low maintenance. The stations will cost only $500, but will be technologically innovative by deploying low-cost sensors (as found in objects ranging from washing machines to cars and smart phones) marshalled to serve as weather or water sensors. For instance, the simple piezo buzzer (costing $1), which is used in fire alarms, will be used to measure rainfall intensity.”

TAHMO developed a prototype of an acoustic disdrometer (rain gauge) that can be produced for €10, less than one percent of the cost of a commercial equivalent with the same specifications. The disdrometer was developed in The Netherlands and tested in Tanzania for a total project cost of €5000. 

A recent WMO survey indicates that 54 percent of the surface and 71 percent of the upper-air weather stations in Sub-Saharan Africa are not reporting data. By leapfrogging technology, TAHMO aspires to make Africa one of “the best-monitored continents in the world.”

John Selker is a Professor of Hydrology at Oregon State University and the Co-Director of TAHMO. His research and development work on sensing applies to irrigation, hydrology and water systems. To learn more about TAHMO, visit www.tahmo.org.

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African Centres for Lightning and Electromagnetics

This blog and many other stories of innovative
projects in Africa will be featured in an
upcoming UNDP publication that examines
'A New Vision for Weather and Climate Services in Africa.'
To receive a copy of the publication, which is slated for
launch in March 2016, contact Greg Benchwick
gregory.benchwick@undp.org.

By Mary Ann Cooper and Richard Tushemereirwe 

The African Centres for Lightning and Electromagnetics (ACLE) is a pan-African network dedicated to decreasing deaths, injuries and property damage due to lightning.   

The Challenge

Global lightning occurrence maps based on satellite data show that many parts of the African continent have the highest lightning strike densities in the world. The first major lightning accident reported in Africa, in 1998, was an incident where 11 players of a single football teamwere killed by lightning in the Eastern Province of Kasai in DemocraticRepublic of Congo. Witchcraft was suspected. The actual details of the incident were never investigated as the region of incident was inaccessible due to civil unrest in the current Congo. 

There are other recent reminders that lightning continues to pose a threat to people in Africa: One tragic example involved the deaths of 18 school children from a single strike in 2011 with at least 38 others hospitalized. (See p00 for more examples on the Cost of Bad Weather).  

ACLE was formed to address these challenges. The scope of work is divided into four major categories to address the different facets of lightning: detection, protection, response, research and education. The organization has initiated activities in each of these categories and plans more. 

ACTIVITIES 

·      Organization - ACLE National Centres are found across Africa. The National Centres address local needs to align with overall goals under the direction of the network organization headquartered at Makerere University Business School (MUBS) in Kampala, Uganda. The first national centre, ACLE-Zambia, is hosted at Zambia Air Services Training Institute (ZASTI) and was officially launched at ACLE’s Second Symposium in Lusaka, Zambia, in August 2015. Two other national centres are being planned in Benin and Malawi. 

·      Response – The national centres work with national meteorological offices and other agencies to provide Severe Weather Early Warning Systems (SWEWS) for those most at risk, relying on lightning detection data as a proxy for other severe weather.  In collaboration with four other organizations (Earth Networks, Trans-African Hydro-Meteorological Observatory, Human Network International and Climate Change Adaptation Innovation), ACLE was selected to move into the second stage of funding for the Global Resilience Partnership (GRP) Challenge to create an SWEWS for vulnerable communities in Uganda on a sustainable basis. 

·      Detection – ACLE facilitates and enables technology transfer by working with international lightning detection companies and national governments to bring new technologies to Africa. ACLE facilitated Earth Networks deployment of lightning sensors in all East African Community states of Burundi, Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania and Uganda surrounding Lake Victoria where an estimated 5,000 people die each year due to erratic weather. 

·      Research and Education – The organization works to understand aspects of culture that will help change local customs and behaviors to mitigate the effects of lightning. In February 2015, the organization won a grant from Resilience African Network (RAN), a program funded by USAID, to survey fishing communities on Lake Victoria, where prior SWEWS have failed. 

·      Protection – ACLE strives to decrease deaths by protecting schools.  More than half of lightning injuries and deaths reported by the media occur to children in school. The ‘Lightning Kills – Save a Life in Africa’ project was initiated in October 2014 to focus on the design and installation of Lightning Protection Systems (LPS) to the most vulnerable schools across Africa. Engaging with schools, building a sense of awareness, safety and control are the first steps to reducing damage from lightning. This efforts will spread from students to their families and gradually decrease deaths and injuries. 

Mary Ann Cooper, MD, Professor Emerita of Emergency Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, is the recognized international authority on lightning injuries and injury prevention.  

Richard Tushemereirwe is the Senior Presidential Advisor on Science and Technology, Disaster and Climate Resilience research fellow at Makerere University School of Public Health, and the Relationships Advisor for ACLE. Learn more at www.ACLENet.org. 

Many parts of Africa have the highest lightning densities in the world. While satellite and distant monitoring technologies show more lightning strikes per square kilometer per year around Lake Victoria and other parts of Africa than anywhere else in the world, data that is local and usable for injury and property damage prevention is largely lacking. (Image source: NASA)